Project Management Life Cycle Essay

Four Steps of Project Management Life Cycle Task Management Life Cycle is a partition for an undertaking. As indicated by Ms. Cui’s research, administrators can isolate an entire venture to certain means and interface those means with venture activity; the aggregate of every one of those means are venture the executives life cycle (Cui, 2011). There are four segments in venture the executives life cycle, which are time prerequisite, venture stages, venture undertaking and task result. By and large, in light of the fact that the unusualness of undertaking, venture the board life cycle regularly utilizes time measurement to control and assess the task (Cui, 2011). There are numerous approaches to isolate venture life cycle into steps. Venture Management Institute in United States (PMI) isolates the task life cycle into three stages: starting stage, medium stage and last stage (Cui, 2011). Chinese Project Management Body of Knowledge (C-PMBOK) isolates the task life cycle into four stages: Conception Phase, Development Phase, Implementation Phase and Final Phase. In spite of the fact that those two guidelines have a few contrasts, them two separate an undertaking into numerous means so as to review and control the activity of venture. As I would like to think, the standard of C-PMBOK is better than the standard of PMI. C-PMBOK’s standard isn't just founded on time measurement yet in addition dependent on movement measurement. C-PMBOK shows the significant focus on each stage. Be that as it may, the standard of PMI is just founded on time measurement and neglects to show points of stages. (1) Conception Phase In this progression, the venture expert should attempt their best to explain the center crucial, clients’ request, the point and the meaning of their task. In business, venture professionals may send a Request for Proposal (RFP) to clients. As per the criticism of RFP, venture professional will make a fundamental idea for their undertaking. Attainability report and venture configuration are two important records in this progression. (2) Development Phase In this progression, venture professional should make the detail arrangement for the entire extend and talk about this arrangement with clients. This progression is the last advance before the venture will be incorporated. Not just an arrangement, a planning span ought to be set up for next stage. Moreover, venture specialist ought to sort out the group and mastermind works. (3) Implementation Phase In this progression, the undertaking is actualized. Venture group should functions as the task design and guarantee all staged points accomplished. (4) Final Phase After Implementation Phase, crafted by the task is done. In any case, completing all works doesn't implies that the entire undertaking wraps up. In this progression, some significant work despite everything ought to be finished. For instance, in exchanging business venture, venture specialist should look at whether the merchandise are conveyed to address customer and whether all solicitations are paid in time. Also, the input from customers and the exercise learned are both ought to be done in this progression. Individuals ought to comprehend that those means above are a general technique to isolate the venture life cycle. The two guidelines of C-PMBOK and PMI are directs as opposed to handy ways. In various enterprises, the majority of administrators will utilize those approaches to isolate deal with their undertakings. Be that as it may, as per the various characters of businesses, administrators separate their task dependent on their various needs. For Instance, in urban development industry, Morris Model is broadly utilized in venture the board life cycle (Dong and Wang, 2010). Morris Model isolates the undertaking life cycle into four stages, which is same as general strategy. Notwithstanding, steps in Morris Model exhibit the characters of urban development industry: Feasibility step, urban arranging and structuring, incorporating step and putting with use step (Dong and Wang, 2010). The Ways to Evaluate and Control the Project To guarantee the undertaking working great and on schedule, the approaches to assess and control are significant. In current task the executives life cycle hypothesis, three ideas are acquainted with administrators, which are utilized to assess the undertaking activity. (1) Checkpoint Checkpoint is a particular time point. Supervisors will set up numerous checkpoints in each means of task life cycle. Each checkpoint will make some particular memories range with another. Director will contrast the circumstance of undertaking activity and task intend to check whether the venture is on target. For instance, when China Merchants Bank planned their new framework, the chief of IT office set a checkpoint each fourteen day to assess whether this representatives completed their work as venture plan that is 1000 lines PC programs for every week. (2) Milestone Achievement is a particular time point, as well. Be that as it may, diverse with checkpoint, the venture will be assessed whether the time plan is alright as well as whether the quality and objective prerequisites are accomplished on achievement. Achievement will be set after a phase work finish. In a stage of undertaking life cycle, there will be numerous checkpoints however just hardly any achievements. (3) Baseline Pattern is a sort of extraordinary achievement. The stage work before a pattern will be the premise of the stage work after this benchmark. For instance, when plane organization structures another plane, motor structure and tuning will be a phase work followed by a benchmark on account of three reasons. To begin with, the motor plan and tuning ought to be finish in time in light of the fact that the fly test is impossible without motor. Second, the nature of motor structure and tune is the center component of the wellbeing of test. Third, the motor structure will be one of nuts and bolts of next stage work †plane tuning. At the point when chief set checkpoint, achievement and benchmark, they have to consider cautiously. In the event that the time ranges between them are excessively short, the assessment will be insignificant. Be that as it may, if time ranges are excessively long, missteps will collect such a large number of and genuine to be fixed and saved. Chiefs should attempt to guarantee the task is working as calendar. In the case of missing the checkpoint, achievement or standard, administrators need to fix their arrangement to pursue the time anticipated timetable, or the venture may be delay or fizzled on quality. Reference Dim, C. F., and Larson, E. W. (2000). Undertaking Management: The Managerial Process. Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill, c2000. Task Life Cycle. (2010). Recovered from http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F Dong, W., and Wang, J. (2010). The Project Management Life Cycle of Urban Construction Based on Parallel Engineering. Urban Construction. 4(69). 161-162. Recovered from http://doc.mbalib.com/see/72774efdf93f3360debc6fa5f66edfd8.html Miao, Z. (2012). The Management of Core Stage of PDM Project Life Cycle. E-Work. Recovered from http://doc.mbalib.com/see/d1b58b855dd0dc9998b3ee7d4899a771.html Cui, L. (2011). The Optimization Research of Project Management of â€Å"Graduate Student Research Project†. Diary of Guangxi University. Recovered from http://doc.mbalib.com/see/c6c150395dca43e5a5755d199261d8b5.html

Applied theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Applied hypothesis - Essay Example Other than Beyonce and her better half Jay Z, the article discusses other well known groups, for example, U2 and its lead vocalist Bono and Coldplay, the significant specialists expected to perform at the mid year concert in Glastonbury (Topping, 2011: 15). From this article, the rise of the mainstream society in type of music can be assessed by thinking about hypotheses of industrialization and of social investigations. Mainstream society is an expansive term that consolidates regular stylish or life rehearses in subjective and measurable measurements (Arnold, 1964:31). In any case, current scholars view mainstream society as a typical custom that has emerged in the cutting edge times and it varies from people convention since it is mass-delivered and unique in relation to high life since it is expended in mass (Arnold, 1964:32). From this article on Beyonce, it is obvious that mainstream society has experienced a great deal of change from the only remaining century. The current mai nstream society is described by broad utilization of the broad communications to announce the occasions and expand association by the craftsman and occasion coordinators. Gans (1974:61-62) characterizes mainstream society as an exemplification of the general public, mirroring the changes happening in the general public. As indicated by Giddens (1979:29), European and American social orders experienced significant change in the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years. These progressions came about to gigantic social revamping particularly in the western European circles where numerous individuals moved to work in urban zones in the rising businesses. Change from the country proletariat to large scale manufacturing in ventures not just impacted the monetary part of the laborers, yet their way of life went in a new direction (Giddens, 1979:49). Arnold (1964:85) noticed that industrialization likewise carried with it free enterprise notwithstanding expanded cooperations and blending of differing societies. A mix of these elements notwithstanding the difficult exercises in the businesses came about to formation of a homogeneous society, with shared encounters over the districts. Furthermore, the expanding social thickness in the network and division of work because of free enterprise quickened making of unmistakable social classes, particularly at the white collar class level. Toxophilite (1995:116-125) contends that a blend of private enterprise philosophy and its somber managerial structure came about to expanding proficiency levels particularly to the white collar class making a considerable social, financial and social authority that changed the mainstream society monstrously. In such manner, private enterprise came about to unexpected change in power that in the long run caused social separation in the general public. Toxophilite (1995: 19) contends that the raise of the mainstream society doesn't just include an enormous gathering of people, however indiv iduals who have elevated level of association relating to their preferences and inclinations. This class assumes an extremely basic job in the social business that has created to meet the masterful goals of the white collar class. Another persuasive factor in the white collar class towards the mainstream society is the high educated levels. As per Archer (1995: 49), the expanding levels of education in the white collar class came about to increasingly monetary strengthening that lead to quickened social separation that empowered the individuals to acknowledge additional opportunities and find new and boundless elements of their lives for investigation. In this manner, the white collar class didn't wish to be simply machines working in the developing enterprises for endurance, however as creatures with another measurement for the sake of entertainment and amusement. The high culture was not at first proposed for diversion, yet it furnished the white collar class with open doors for c ommunicating their disappointments, accomplishments, delights and yearnings in their working spots. Burke, (1978 b: 113) noticed that the development of the

Descriptive Chocolate Essay Example for Free

Engaging Chocolate Essay | 1 Â ½ cups squashed chocolate wafer cookies| | 1 tablespoon granulated sugar| | 1/3 cup unsalted margarine, melted| | | Filling| | 1 Â ¼ cups granulated sugar| | Â ½ cup unsweetened cocoa powder| | Â ¼ cup cornstarch| | 3 Â ½ cups creamer cream| | 4 enormous egg yolks| | 3 Â ½ ounces semi-sweet chocolate, chopped| | 3 ounces unsweetened chocolate, chopped| | 2 tablespoons unsalted butter| | 1 teaspoon espresso liqueur| | 1 teaspoon vanilla extract| | | Topping| | 1 cup chilled substantial whipping cream| | 2 tablespoons granulated sugar| | 2 teaspoons moment coffee| | Â ½ vanilla bean| | | To Serve: chocolate-secured coffee beans| directions:Crust: Preheat stove to 350 F. Add margarine and sugar to treat morsels and mix. Immovably press blend into 9-inch-width glass or artistic pie dish. Prepare until outside sets, around 8 minutes. Cool. Filling: 1. Whisk sugar, cocoa, and cornstarch in overwhelming medium pan. Bit by bit rush in cream and afterward the egg yolks. Keep on racing over medium-high warmth until blend thickens and bubbles, around 12 15 minutes. 2. Expel from warmth and include the two chocolates and spread, racing until softened and smooth. Blend in espresso alcohol and vanilla. Move filling to hull. Press plastic wrap legitimately onto surface of filling and chill until filling sets, at any rate 6 hours. (Can be made 2 days ahead. Keep chilled and secured.) Besting: 1. Beat all fixings in enormous bowl until tops structure. (Can be made 1 day ahead. Cover and refrigerate. Rewhisk to thicken and smooth before serving, if essential.) 2. Strip plastic off of pie. Cut pie into genuinely little wedges (it is very rich). Spoon a decent estimated bit of espresso whipped cream on each cut. Topping with chocolate-secured coffee beans and serve.after-thoughts:This pie would likewise be delightful presented with plain, improved whipped cream and new organic product (strawberries, raspberries, flame broiled bananas).|

The Top Secret Details Into College Essay Help Online That Some People Arent Aware Of

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The Idea Of The Absurd - 3255 Words

M a r t i n e z | 1 Definition of Absurdism ab ·surd ·ism /É™bˈsÉ™rdËÅ'izÉ™m,-ˈzÉ™rd-/ noun 1. The belief that human beings exist in a purposeless, chaotic universe. The idea of the absurd is seen in many existentialist works, particularly in the works of Albert Camus. Absurdity is the notion of contrast between two things. As Camus defines it in The Myth of Sisyphus: The absurd is born out of this confrontation between the human need and the unreasonable silence of the world This view, which is shared by fellow French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, is that humanity must live in a world that is and will forever be hostile or indifferent towards them. The universe will never truly care for humanity the way we seem to want it to. The atheist view of this statement is that people create stories, or gods, which in their minds transcend reality to fill this void and attempt to satisfy their need. Now Let’s Begin†¦ †¦ In many works of art there are many emphasizes of the absurdity of an individual’s existence while there are, at the same time, many things encouraging that idea that life’s meaning is from what the individual makes of it. Through this, a person may feel a stronger sense of M a r t i n e z | 2 individuality. In life and in literature the actions that many people take to show what they see as wrong is usually counteractive to what they think is the problem in the first place. Also shown throughout is that there is no use in fighting natural things, but people try anyway, absurdShow MoreRelatedExistentialism And The Absurd By Albert Camus1186 Words   |  5 Pagesrelates to his philosophical beliefs: specifically existentialism and the absurd, as well as his connecting idea of rebellion. Camus’ most prominent works – such as the novels The Plague, The Stranger, The Rebel, and others – reflect these beliefs and ideas he held. Though he was and continues to be considered as one, Camus made a point of rejecting the label of an existentialist. Existentialism is essentially based on the idea that philosophy starts with the acceptance of being an actual living humanRead MoreEssay on The Myth of Sisyphus1230 Words   |  5 Pages The Myth of Sisyphus Sisyphus is the absurd hero. This man, sentenced to ceaselessly rolling a rock to the top of a mountain and then watching it roll back down, is the epitome of the absurd hero according to Camus. In retelling the Myth of Sisyphus, Camus is able to create an extremely powerful image which sums up the intellectual discussion which comes before it in the book. We are told that Sisyphus is the absurd hero as much through his passions as through hisRead MoreIs It The Most Acceptable?1310 Words   |  6 PagesHenry Beecher. The Placebo effect is defined as â€Å"improvement in the condition of a patient that occurs in response to treatment but cannot be considered due to the specific treatment used†. -Mariam Webster But how does this relate to Christianity? The idea T.J. Kirk puts forward is that despite the Bible not actually being true it gives people a sense of comfort and stability that is much needed in their lives. When the world is against you God is with you. If you Pray to God to give you strength inRead MoreThe Existential View Of Absurdity in Camus The Plague Essay1024 Words   |  5 Pagesit is analyzed, there is no explanation of the absurd. Even as pleasant as the world can be at times, there is no order and there is no reason for the events that occur. Albert Camus, the accomplished author of many amazing books knew about this idea and understood the meaning, which in turn influenced many of his great novels. 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Taking a Look at Voluntary Euthanasia - 1015 Words

Envision being diagnosed with lung disease, a fatal malady. Overlooking the difficulties, you keep on dragging out your life compass throughout the years by getting chemotherapy and taking various sorts of drug. The point when slightest wanted, you end up lying on the floor hacking up blood. Notwithstanding youre at the healing center and the specialists are providing for you a desire of six to eight months to live. Mindful that the growth has compound and it is just a matter of time before death, you choose you probably wont have any desire to experience any longer ache or enduring. You, then, propose willful extermination to the specialist. Euthanasia, otherwise called forgiving executing, is the easy murdering of a patient experiencing an excruciating sickness. It the demonstration or practice of completion the life of an individual either by deadly infusion or the suspension of restorative medicine. Because of this, numerous perspective willful extermination as essentially brin ging help by mitigating agony and enduring. It is a generally new predicament for the United States and has picked up an awful notoriety from negative media buildup encompassing helped suicides. Willful extermination has turned into a significant issue in the insurance of human pride on the grounds that it is a right we need to pass on with poise. Willful extermination has likewise been connected to circumstances when a choice is made to refrain in an end-of-life circumstance. VoluntaryShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes A Human Being A Person?937 Words   |  4 Pagessmall topics of Bioethical issues is euthanasia and whether or not it is okay for anyone to partake in it. Euthanasia is the act of either passively or actively taking a person’s live. Another type of euthanasia is called voluntary euthanasia, which could also be called assisted suicide. It is morally okay to take person’s life if they asked for help. Therefore, euthanasia is morally okay. What makes a human a person plays a role in the moral judgement of euthanasia because it is up to the person whoRead More Euthanasia Should Not Be Legal Essay1056 Words   |  5 Pages Euthanasia is a word that comes from ancient Greece and it refers to â€Å"good death†. In the modern societies euthanasia is defined as taking away people’s lives who suffer from an incurable disease. They usually go through this process by painlessness ways to avoid the greatest pains that occurs from the disease. A huge number of countries in the World are against euthanasia and any specific type of it. One of the most important things being discussed nowadays is whether euthanasia should beRead MoreTaking a Look at Euthanasia1787 Words   |  7 PagesThe term Euthanasia was originated from the Greek word â€Å"good death†. However, there is constant debate on whether or not this â€Å"good death† is morally right and thus has become an issue of much controversy. Euthanasia is the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of a hopelessly sick or injured individuals in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy (Mirriam-Webster). This topic is especially sensitive among the general public because it involves a choice of life and death for aRead MoreExploring the Different Types of Euthanasia Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversy begins, and morals become touchy issues for most people. Should euthanasia be an alternative to end pain, and suffering in certain circumstances; or is euthanasia a mindless, selfish means to an end. Even worse; could euthanasia be considered an act of murder? In the first article I read â€Å"Euthanasia, Ethics and Public Policy: An Argument Against Legislation† by John Keown. According to Keown the term euthanasia can be defined as, â€Å"The active, intentional termination of a patient’s lifeRead MoreThe Ethics Of Non Voluntary Active Euthanasia1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe idea of non-voluntary active euthanasia is not such a disaster, as euthanasia itself. The problem that comes into consideration is when and why it should be used. When euthanasia is non-voluntary and active, such as on a patient with dementia, the ethical decision comes into play if there are episodes of clarity and the patient has or has not mentioned what they want to do at the end of life situations. Principles of deontology suggest duty and obligation. A medical professional in such situationsRead MoreThe Morality Of Euthanasia By James Rachels1086 Words   |  5 PagesID: 3339147 Active Euthanasia Does James Rachels in â€Å"The Morality of Euthanasia† successfully argue that in at least some cases active euthanasia is morally acceptable? Explain his view and respond to it. In this essay, we are going to analyze the main ideas included in â€Å"The Morality of Euthanasia† by James Rachels to provide a response to the following question: Does James Rachels in â€Å"The Morality of Euthanasia† successfully argue that in at least some cases active euthanasia is morally acceptableRead MoreEuthanasia As A Deliberate Act1728 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Euthanasia is defined as a deliberate act undertaken by one person with the intention of ending life of another person to relieve that person s suffering and where the act is the cause of death.†(Gupta, Bhatnagar and Mishra) Many people believe this as a mercy killing. Euthanasia may be voluntary, non voluntary and involuntary. When a terminally ill patient wants to end his or her life, it is called voluntary euthanasia. Non voluntary euthanasia occurs when the suffering person never wanted norRead MoreThe Dilemma Of Euthanasi Whose Life Is It?1165 Words   |  5 PagesThe Dilemma of Eutha nasia The Dilemma of Euthanasia: Whose Life Is It? Andrea R Burroughs Ethics for the Health Care Professionals Dr. Ferhat Zengul November 8, 2014 Abstract The practice of euthanasia is one of the most debatable topics in many countries today. It’s been a pertinent issue in human rights because it affects both legal and ethical issues. This paper will include an overview and clarification of the euthanasia issue. It will also include legal and ethical debates thatRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide1236 Words   |  5 PagesOxford English Dictionary, â€Å"euthanasia† is defined as â€Å"the means of bringing a gentle and easy death† (â€Å"euthanasia† def. 2). Today, euthanasia is a method used in the medical field to put an end to a patient’s agony by taking their life for them, making it a very controversial topic. Many people argue that it is morally wrong to take a human life, and others may argue that it is even more wrong to make someone suffer more than they need to. I will argue that euthanasia and physician-assisted suicideRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Hippocratic Oath931 Words   |  4 Pagesmedicine to the next generation. II. Originated from the Greek word for â€Å"good death†. III. What may this be? a. Euthanasia b. For an individual to undergo euthanasia their health condition has to be incurable and all other medical actions tried, does not help them. III .There is numerous terminal ill patients in the world and some cases results in the decision of euthanasia. For some, the unbearable pain and their health condition have to be incurable and all other medical actions tried

It Competitive Advantage Essay Example For Students

It Competitive Advantage Essay Staying Ahead of the CompetitionIn today’s society organizations are forced to be competitive, it is becoming imperative that companies be equipped to integrate and assimilate information technology in ways that would encourage such competitiveness. With increasing competition organizations need to strive to increase the value of money and reduce costs. Now and in the future IT expenses, given its increasing roles, will assure greater significance. Thereof, it is critical that Information Systems are used effectively to increase production and stay ahead of the competition. The ability to predict future trends in the environment, in terms of technological changes, market characteristics, and in the competition, etc†¦ is crucial to an organizations future growth and success. Improving and facilitating communications with customers and suppliers also helps a company to manage the competition. . In order to do this, an organization must move towards business network designs. This form of technology is one of the most important functions of Information Systems, because it brings a companys customers and suppliers under an information umbrella, through what are referred to as Strategic Information Systems. For instance, the creation of an electronic linkage between the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and tax preparation organizations. The linkage was created to enable the electronic filing of individual income tax returns, prepared by those firms. Scott Morton summarizes it best, in his book The Corporation of the 1990’s by saying, â€Å"It is merely an enabler that offers an organization the opportunity to vigorously invest in added innovations if it wishes to stay ahead of its competitors (15).†All levels of an organization must function at a consistent and above average level, to help ensure its success. However, Information Technology has a unique impact on the competitive climate and on the degree of interrelatedness of products and services with rivals. This can lead to unusual degrees of simultaneous competition and collaboration between companies. Therefore, it is again reiterated that a company must understand that the changed nature of one’s competitive climate is important in an era of growing IT pervasiveness. In addition, the last decade has ultimately shown that as traditional economic competitors actions change, or as the economic and functionality of Information Technology change, the position of an organization relative to competitive companies will also change. In both instances there is no technical or economic reason that can allow one company to ream the excess benefits from the use of IT for any extended length of time. Furthermore, competitive and technological forces simply do not seen to permit any one organization to enjoy a sustainable competitive advantage just from its use of Information Technology. However, it has been possible for an organization, over the last decade to capture many competitive benefits and advantages. Thus, the benefits do not flow from the mere use of IT but occur from the human, organizational and system innovations that are all a part of the companies structure. Scott Morton states that, IT is merely an enabler that offers an organization the opportunity to vigorously invest in added innovations if it wishes to stay ahead of its competitors.†Development and Clarifications of NeedsIn the IT era rapid change and intense competition upper management needs to make crucial, as well as quality decisions more frequently. This also is key not only to the success of an organization but its survival as well. In order to make quality decisions an organization must develop a game plan and clarify their needs. In order for an organization to implement a new form of information technology upper management must be able to assess the company’s needs. Organizations do this by analyzing past performance and expected future trends, so that a future direction can be planned. Once these characteristics and many others are assessed then a company can develop a plan on how to increase the efficiency of there IS systems, to achieve and even surpass their goals. In addition, one goal that all organizations share is that they strive to continuously improve the quality of their products or services. .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143 , .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143 .postImageUrl , .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143 , .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143:hover , .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143:visited , .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143:active { border:0!important; } .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143:active , .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143 .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8057ca5f59e42775b1fdfc84b95bb143:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Centre of Arts Essay Therefore, any Information Systems that are introduced into an organization must be able to enhance these objectives, directly or indirectly. Also, many factors must be considered for an organization to accurately clarify all of their needs and determine what IS will best meet their needs. These factors can include, but are not limited to: (1) Business relationships from loose/open (between a large number of organizations) to tight/closed relationships (between a limited number of organizations. (2) Technology considerations are based on connections and applications and depend on whether these are standardized (and potentially widely available) or uniq ue and proprietary (and available to a small or controlled population). (3) Strategic options derive from the interplay of business relationships and technology considerati9ons. (4) Integration scope is the depth of penetration of the system into the internal processes of the participants in the business network. (5) Participant roles are related to the IT systems used or shared. During the 1990s the â€Å"metabolic rate† of most organizations (the rate at which information moves and decisions are made, within an organization) began to progress at a fast pace. As we enter the 21st century, this trend continues to increase at an even more accelerated rate. This increase in an organizations â€Å"metabolic rate† is partially due to the fact that the external environment demands responsiveness and partly because of the way IT has enabled changes to be made in how work is done. Since global competitive forces do not permit a company to ignore its competition, as one firm picks up the new options the others must follow. Thus, IT is becoming increasingly a part of the business itself, part of the services provided or part of the products applied, as well as begin the foundation on which the business processed of the organization, both internal and external, depend. Business Essays

Apoptosis And Aging Essays - Gerontology, Apoptosis,

Apoptosis And Aging When we gain control of the gene responsible for the phenomenon of apoptosis, we will be in control of aging. We are finding more evidence every day, indicating genetic links to all sorts of factors in the human being. We are just now beginning to scratch the surface of our own genetics. A landmark discover has just been unveiled: In February [2001], the two groups charting the human genome published their resultsthe entire 3 billion base pair sequence. The only definitive conclusion so far: Humans are far more complicated than we thought. Eric Lander, director of the Whitehead Center for Genome Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts adds: within a decade, we will understand a lot about the causes of diseases. Understanding, however does not translate into cures. (Sinha 43) With this research we will uncover more factors that our genetic code regulates, many factors that were previously believed to be random events. Spontaneous cell death, as it turns out is not spontaneous at all, but genetically predetermined at conception. Cell death is an essential part of life. The cells in our bodies are constantly dividing, producing hundreds of thousands of new cells every second. To maintain balance, for every new cell, another cell must die. Our cells are programmed to kill themselves through a process called apoptosis. This in-built program of cell suicide prevents cancer by eliminating cells with damaged genes (Cotran 18). Similarly, our bodies replace cells with a new type of cell when a change is needed, such as during embryonic development (Cotran 18). To illustrate this point, we look at one of Dr. Adamchaks stories of physiology, as taught from Martini, when a bone is being formed cartilage cells, or condrocytes, come into an area to build a cartilage model of the bone. Once this model of bone is complete, the cartilage cells are given the command to die. Osteoblasts, or bone building cells, move in to the space formerly occupied by the Condrocytes, and replace the cartilage matrix with a Calcium rich, ro ck hard, matrix, we know as bone (188). In the foregoing example there are instances of cells being told to die, this is programmed death, and known as apoptosis. During life, our cells carry out metabolic functions, producing digestive enzymes and waste products, which are harmful to surrounding cells, if it spewed into the fluids among the cells. These enzymes and toxins must be packaged in a way that is not harmful to the interstitial environment, and in a manner in which appropriate cells in the region can readily absorb them. This must be done without invoking an inflammatory response (Browder). Aging, also known as Senescence, is a natural process, beginning at reproductive fitness and culminating in death, Observed in most living organisms, senescence is characterized by a gradual reduction in reserve capacity of organ systems, (Heydari). Supporting research by U. of Floridas Aging Biochemistry Laboratory indicates an increased apoptotic rate of cardiomyocytes, T-lymphocytes, and neurons, as age advances (Leeuwenburgh, par. 3.1). These factors manifest the classic signs of aging as well as many age-associated diseases, such as reduced cardiac function, susceptibility to illness and neurological disease (4.0). Apoptotic cell death is only one factor of the aging mechanism. Normally, during development, as cells are deleted new cells are made to occupy the void. As an organism ages the number of dividing cells declines, resulting in a decreased capacity to heal. Every high school student knows that as cells divide, DNA is unzipped and re-zipped during the copying process. This process, by which we grow and heal, is believed to be responsible for our senescence. Without some form of error correction, manipulation of DNA will result in damage to the codes contained in it. Error correction is provided by The stuff at the end of each chromosome string, as it literally translates from Latin, is known as a telomere (Cech). The telomere, a short string of amino acids, contains the error correcting information required to properly duplicate DNA, however with each unzip the telomere becomes shorter, until it is gone. The absence of the telomere results damaged DNA, thus triggering apoptosis (Agin, Cech). DNA can also be damaged by exposure to forms of radiation including ultra-violet

Lord of the Flies Illustrates essays

Lord of the Flies Illustrates essays Lord of the Flies Illustrates that people are, by nature, evil. Do you Agree? Throughout the novel LOTF illustrates that people are by nature, inherently evil as well as disproving the theory that man is innocent and society evil quite the contrary. At the start of the novel a fly could have done more damage to the boys than the latter to the fly. However, as the novel progresses and the boys take on some form of transformation, with the aid of a beast known as the Lord of The Flies, they are caught up in a society with no rules or ramifications regarding their actions, just savagery and immorality. The killing of Simon and the hunt for Ralph are two classic examples of evil. There are however exceptions to the rule, such as Simon and his prophetic, harmless figure. The novel begins by stereotyping the boys as proper, well groomed and polite English boys, incapable of any of the atrocities performed by them later on in the novel - the most important being the brutal murdering of Simon. Simon had just come back from a quest to find the beast, climbing mountains to get there, only to find out that the beast was in fact not a physical being (the beast on top of the mountain was actually a parachutist who was killed in combat) but a beast that resided in every one of them and just needed the right environment to flourish and prosper. However, Simons choice of timing couldnt have been worse to tell the group of his findings, as the level of fear was at its highest amongst the boys when Simon decided to crawl into the circle in the middle of the night whilst surrounded by a group of rowdy boys shouting Kill the beast! Cuts its throat! Spill its blood! The temptations of the savagery were too overwhelming for Ralph and Piggy as well, who also had some part in the murder of Simon in the circle. This was an act of barbarity by the boys. Nothing excused them from committing such evil. Nothin...

Global economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global economics - Research Paper Example Company obtains specialized services at low cost, which gives a competitive edge, and sufficient time to focus on the core business. If the money supply is greater than money demand, interest rate will decline and cause the increase in borrowing and spending by corporate and consumers. In this case demand will rise above the GDP rate and cause inflation. Increase in exports and decline in imports will result in boosting the value of GDP. Low value of currency together with lower interest rates will enhance consumer spending and thus lead to economic growth (Jacob, 2013). The depreciation of yen relative to the US currency has led to make the goods more affordable for US. With the low value of yen, Japan has produced goods and services at cost effective prices. Low prices have grasped the attention of most of the buyers in US, which results in increased production, in Japan. As a result, Japan has increased its exports and thus employment opportunities in the country. For instance, a low valued yen drives to decline the prices for Nissan car, hence attracting more American buyers than GM cars. Consequently, more Nissan cars are being produced, thus increasing the employment level in Japan and lowering employment in US (Ito, 1996). Valuation of the currency leads to lower the prices of import goods resulting in boosting the imports of the country. However, the products manufactured in US will become costly for foreign buyers, hence the exports will decrease. This trade deficit will cause to decrease the net exports of the country and contract the GDP (McConnell et al., 2010). The strong valuation of the currency will result in increasing the interest rates, and hence domestic as well as international investors will be more willing to investment in businesses. Businesses in the country will tend to grow more, leading to additional production activities and; therefore, increase income levels. Due

Traditional And Citizen-Based Forms Of Journalism Essay

Traditional And Citizen-Based Forms Of Journalism - Essay Example The professional media draw their organizational authority and charge from their production of their work within the journalism norms. This means that traditional journalism entails professionally paid staff, officially recognized by the press (Reese et al., 2007). Such members of staff are trained and proficient in the journalistic dexterity and often have formal or ceremonial training. Advertising and subscriber support provides traditional journalism with the means to extensively distribute their listed product such as news, shows, and events. On the contrary, citizen journalism has its emergence from individuals and citizenry interest factions seeking to articulate thoughts or position within the civic discourse. Participants in the citizen journalism need not hold traditional journalistic code as a prerequisite for participation. By designation, these citizenry media command less financial feasibility and may be based on a subsidy, non-profit, or no revenue model at all (Reese e t al., 2007). Contributors only require motivation and willingness to have a word with the public. Unlike traditional journalism, citizen journalism creates lively and interactive conversations on personal sites, NGO) websites, chain emails, social media platforms, and message boards. Apparently, as shown above, the two models of journalism though having the same objective- informing the public of trends and news, they have distinct structures and approaches in operations for efficient service delivery.  

Early Republic of America Essay Example for Free

Early Republic of America Essay The early history of early republic of America is made up of four key events that give the whole overview of this republic. That is the Alien and Sedition Acts Gabriel’s rebellion, Louisiana Purchase and the war of 1812. They bring out the picture very clearly that is, how politics and nationhood emerged then how market economy emerged, territorial expansion and the rise of slavery up to the time of the war of 1812. In a way each event contributed to the emergence of the other or the former set the stage for the later. The Alien and Sedation Acts came to be as a result of the bills that federalists passed on the congress in 1798. After John Adams signed them, they became laws. Its supporters believed it was meant to protect the lives of the Americans from attacks by citizens from enemy powers and also to prevent the government from being weakened by seditious confrontations a thing that was strongly opposed by the Democratic Republicans. These actually were from different laws which were referred to as alien and sedition acts. One of them prohibited publishing any malicious information about the government and its officials, the other one, allowed deportation of aliens through to be a threat to the stability of the nation. The third one extended the duration that aliens were required to stay before they would become full citizens. It was extended from 5 years to 14 years. The last one authorized any alien resident from any country that was at war with America to be deported. This alien and sedition acts somehow triggered the slaves rebellion that was spear headed by Gabriel Prosser. He was a black American who worked as a slave. The act of 1798 which authorized peace breakers to be deported inspired Gabriel into causing instability so that they could be deported to their mother countries. (Meinig D. W. 1993; 68-82) This rebellion was also very timely as it conceded with the time when there was a hot argument between the Haitian slave revolt and the French revolution. He wanted to take advantage of this situation. He wanted to lead this rebellion up to Richmond but they were delayed by the rains. The masters had a premonition of the rebellion and so before it could take off but it was suppressed after Gabriel was betrayed by his fellow slaves. He was questioned about the movement but he denied. His 24 followers, his two brothers and himself were hanged. The federal government of U. S. A was not much interested in Louisiana territory but specifically they were interested in the New Orleans which was very useful to them in shipping U. S. A goods to and from Appalachian mountains. By this time, it was a Spanish colony. The Pinckney’s treaty allowed Americans to transport various products like tobacco, pork, cider, cheese as well as butter. The treaty also allowed Americans to have navigation rights in the Mississippi river in 1798, Spain cancelled this treaty but it was strengthened later after negotiations between America and Spain. In 1801 the territory was ruled by Don Mannel De Salcedo after taking control from Marques. A secret treaty was signed between Americans and French the territory would remain a Spanish colony until the power would finally be transferred to the hands of the French. This eventually happened in 1803. This provoked a bitter reaction from the Democrat Republicans who reasoned that buying Louisiana would make French citizens of U. S. A but with the Alien and Sedition Acts, the federalists were sure that nothing would go wrong as anybody who would contravene the rule of law would be deported to their mother land without further ado. The idea of selling of Louisiana to America by France was opposed by the foreign minister who held a different sentiment. He believed that it would hamper their mission on the Northern America. At this time the yellow fever outbreak was greatly doing a big damage to Bonaparte’s army in Europe. He tried to make peace with United Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland but Britain’s refusal to evacuate Malta provoked France to fight Britain. These circumstances forced France to stop its N. America plans and decided to sell it to the Americans. (Meinig D. W. 1993; 68-82) It is this enmity between France and Britain that led to the war of 1812 which was fought between France, United Kingdom and the United States of America. It started between 1812-1814. The Americans joined the war on June 18th 1812 after Britain became a real threat to America. For example they included Americans into their navy; they failed to maintain neutral trade and allegations that Britain was supporting American Indians against American colonialists. Also another thing that led America to join the war because of its desire to expand its territory. In short, we can say that one event either directly or indirectly led to the other. The combination of these events are what made what was known as early republic of America. Reference: Meinig D. W. The shaping of America. Yale University Press. Volume 2. 1993; 68-82.

Nat Turner’s Southampton Slave Revolt Essay -- Nat Turner’s Slave Rebe

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nat Turner was a man with a vision that would change America forever. His vision may have not sounded right to the average person but to Nat Turner, he was on Earth to realize his vision. Nat Turner is the most famous and most controversial slave rebel in American history, and he remains a storm center of dispute("Fires of Jubilee" author Stephen B. Oates).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nat Turner’s slave revolt may have not been the greatest way to solve the problem of slavery, but it did open many people's eyes. Slavery was an accepted practice in society but it was not a humane or kind thing. The cruel and unjust treatment by the slave masters in the 1800's led to Nat Turner's slave revolt, which in turn led to the abolitionist movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nat Turner was born on October 2, 1800 in the small town of Jerusalem in Southampton, Virginia. Nat's mother Nancy was one of 400,000 native Africans brought to North America before 1808. While most of the Africans had come from West Africa, Nancy's was supposedly from in the North's Nile River country("Fires of Jubilee"). Folk chroniclers say that slave traders or warlike natives abducted Nancy when she was a teenager. She was thrust over to European slave traders and crammed on a disease infested slave boat headed to the New World("Fires of Jubilee"). Nancy's ship landed at Norfolk, Virginia around 1795. She then was herded more inland where slave traders exhibited her at several slave auctions. Around 1799 Nancy was brought by Benjamin Turner and her life on a plantation began. Not long after Nancy had arrived at the plantation, she married another slave whose name is unknown("Fires of Jubilee"). Their union produced Nathaniel "Nat" Turner. In Hebrew this name meant "the gift of God.† Nancy did not want to bring her young son up as a slave so she tried to kill him. The slave owners punished Nancy for trying this and shackled her for a lengthy period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As Nancy watched Nat get a little older, she noticed that she had a special child. She was extremely proud of her young son Nat. Nat was bright, and quick to learn and he stood out from the rest of the children. In one instance, Nancy overheard a conversation Nat was having with some of his playmates. He was telling them of a story that had taken place long before he had been born, yet he told the story like he was there. Nancy asked young Nat "Did anyon... ...rocess of abolishing slavery. The climax of the steps was President Lincoln's "Emancipation Proclamation.† Nat Turner's slave revolt and the abolitionist movement really helped bring an end to the cruel and unjust reality of slavery. Without the Nat Turner slave revolt the abolitionist movement would have never come about. Some critics complain that the revolt was very violent and unnecessary, but so was slavery. The slave revolt opened America’s eyes to the ills of slavery and paved the way for less violent revolutions such as the Black Muslim uprising and the Civil Rights non-violence movement. Bibliography 1. Aptheker, Herbert; Nat Turner’s Slave Rebellion, Johnson and Williams Inc., New York, New York, 1921 2. Farina, Reggie; Nat Turner’s Rebellion, Snyder Publications, Chicago Publishing House, Chicago, Illinois, 1963 3. Friedman, Jesse; Nat Turner: Prophet, Visionary, Slave Revolt leader, Adu publishing inc., New York, New York, 1892 4. Gray, Thomas R.; The Confessions of Nat Turner, Thomas R. Gray publishing, Lucas and Denver printing, 1831 5. Oates, Stephen B.; Fires of Jubilee; Nobles, Turner and Smith, Los Angeles, California 1899

Case Study Assessment of Angling Experience

Case Study Assessment of Angling Experience Question 1: Define and discuss using relevant example from the case, the special characteristics of services that distinguish them from tangible products. Services are one type of products with several special characteristics which are really different with tangible products. The major special features of services are more intangibility, heterogeneity, inseparability, and perishability. Those characteristics are also reflected in John’s case. 1. 1 IntangibilityCompare with the tangible products’ tangibility, the main characteristic of services is intangibility which was shown through a set of actions. Intangibility characteristic of service describes that services cannot be seen, felt, tasted, or touched thus one cannot display or store the service. However, it is usually felt by tangible goods or physical evidence. Moreover, service cannot be inventoried, easily patented, and easily displayed or communicated. From Johnâ€℠¢s case, John gives his customers guide of fishing and a series of fishing itinerary.These all are the intangible things to anglers. It cannot be touched, felt, or seen by his customers. However, his customers enjoyed their tours and gain fishes after his guiding. Thus, this can be said that customers got John’s services. Compared with his services business, John used to be selling the tangible goods, either the rods, artificial flies or oilskins the department sold are tangible. Moreover, because of the intangibility, pricing John’s services is difficult. Compared with physical goods, pricing services are not easy. Same tangible goods also sold with a same price.In this case, the two couples got different price after serviced. It seems that they gained a same series of services, but the feelings and appraisals are different. 1. 2 Heterogeneity Heterogeneity concerns the potential for high variability in the performance of services (Bitner et al. , 2009). Contrast to s ervice, tangible goods is standardization. Most of a type of physical goods is produced by one product line. There are no major differences among each one of them. However, like two leaves, there are not two same services processes.Providers’ performances are not same every time, and the customers’ requirements are not same too. In detail, service delivery and customer satisfaction depend on employee and customer action, and also some uncontrollable factors. In our case, when John worked in the fishing department, he wondered at how each piece of fishing equipment in a product line varied so little. It shows that tangible products are standardization. However, then, John provided services to two couples, and got the distinct result. First couple was very satisfaction, and second couple was unhappy, though John was same hard working.The different based knowledge, objectives and nature conditions determines the different results. The first couple have a good knowledge an d experience of fishing, they enjoy in fishing. However, the second couple was the fist time fishing and their purpose was to relax and see the country. Moreover, the weather was great during the first time, but worst during the second time. Those factitious and uncontrollable elements influenced John’s two services processes. 1. 3 Inseparability Inseparability of production and consumption involves the simultaneous production and consumption which characterizes most services.Compare with goods are first produced, then purchased, and then consumed, services are first booked, then produced and consumed simultaneously (Carmen & Langeard, 1980). It seems like that customers and employees affect each other. In this case, we can know that because of the high degree of adaptability of the first couple, John interact well with them. However, another two anglers gained the unsatisfied service because of their bad communication. All customers and employees even the partial customers p lay an important role in whole process because services’ inseparability.Furthermore, because of this feature of services, mass production is difficult. The production and consumption are simultaneous. Hence, John lost a group of anglers in December due to he cannot service two groups in a same time. 1. 4 Perishability The final characteristic of service is perishable. Tangible goods could be stocked, contrast by services cannot be saved, stores, resold or returned (Valarie & Dwayne, 2009). In this case, John used to promoted department’s inventory system and just keep the rod that can be sold later. It shows that physical goods can be stored. However, John can not saved his services and provide it later.So, he lost a group of customers in December. Hence, the service is very different with the tangible goods. By these characteristics, some problems are discussed next question. Question 2: Explain, using examples how the problems stemming from the special characteristic s of services are impacting on John’s guiding services. 2. 1 In General Due to the four characteristics of services, some problems are derived. Some problems are unavoidable and some of them can be avoidable. The problems generate from intangibility including hardly controlling, easy to be copied and unable to evaluate the quality.Heterogeneity causes problem about quality measurement. Inseparability not allows mass production of service. Moreover, perishability makes return or resold of service impossible. Several of these problems impact on John’s guiding service as well. 2. 2 Problems Created by Intangibility Intangibility shows the following marketing problems. Firstly, services cannot be stored, thus when requires reach the peak or foot it is hard for managers to control. Secondly, services are so difficult to be patented that it is convenient for its competitors to duplicate them.Thirdly, customers are not able to realize the quality of service because service is invisible and cannot be touched. John’s new guiding service is not easy to store. Thereof, during December there was a peak period of fly fishing and John are not qualified to provide efficient service. On contrary, in the next two week of November there were no customers visiting Tasmania for chasing trout. Since John provides guiding service, he cannot remove December's service to November. It is beyond the scope of his control. The guiding service that John operates is easy to be imitated.There is another fishing guide who ran in Launceston. The service it provides is similar with John’s. This is a threat to John. The market share for John in Australia is cut down. Furthermore, the feature of intangibility determines the service value is hard to be understood by consumers. John’s guiding service is not an exceptional. Customers have no idea what a guiding service is. The marketing manager of a large sporting equipment retailer in North America would not know what a guiding service is if John did not send him the information about this service. 2. 3 Problems Created by HeterogeneityThe most severe challenge that heterogeneity creates is difficulty of quality measurement. Since criteria for judging the quality of service is based on customers’ notion, managers are not possible to control it. In the case, there was an American couple who are both good anglers. They have more fishing experience than John. In this trip, John learned more from this experience and the couple also had a great time. They even pre-booked another two weeks for the next fishing season. It is just because the American couple thought this trip was so wonderful that they measured this service is worthwhile.However by November, the Canadian's week of trout fishing is no that smooth. It became less happy because of lacking experience of fly fishing causes few landed trout and entire week raining. Even worse, one of the customers sprained an ankle. In these two e vents John provided the same service however he received different results. John cannot ensure whether his supplies are original. In December John introduced the New Zealanders to another fishing guide in Launceston. This increased the chance of heterogeneity because different suppliers are not possible to offer the exactly the same services. Take the health industry for instance.Several suppliers provide a same kind of service, nevertheless consumers’ perception is different. Some customers consider it as good service whereas another do not satisfied with it. This is because different provider’s service is distinctive due to the nature of human beings. 2. 4 Problems Created by Inseparability According to Zeithaml, Dwayne and Gremeler, because services often are produced and consumed at the same time, mass production is difficult (2009). The service producers generate service and the service is consumed by customer at the same time, therefore service is impossible to b e produced in large amount.The consumers who John received accepted his service while he provided it. It is absurd that John created services such as airport picking up and dropping off first then the customers enjoyed them. For example, the helicopter sent an urgent fax to John informed him that they were not available until after mid-February. It frustrated John that he was not able to transport his clients to the best fishing area. In addition, for John it is inconvenient for him when he has several customers to pick up or drop off. It is typical in November, John received two contacts that require a fly fishing in the first week of December.The worse thing is that neither of the customers could change their original arrangement. John could not separate his services. 2. 5 Problems Created by Perishability The factor of perishability leads to the problem that service cannot be returned. Service is consumed at the same time when it is manufactured, thereby once the service is provi ded it cannot be returned or resold. In November, two Canadian customers who were doing fishing for relax received an unhappy experience. Lacking experience of fly fishing they landed few trout. The entire week’s heavy raining prevented them from lake fishing.Moreover, one of the anglers sprained an ankle while crossing wet rocks. Even though John understood that the Canadian did not enjoy their fishing trip, he had no way to go back. John cannot take the service back because time cannot be reversed. For instance, customers who have an ugly haircut cannot ask the barber to undo it, because the service of haircut is perished (Clemes, 2002). 2. 6 Problems Difficult to Avoid Due to the problems derived above, gaps generate naturally. Customer Gap Customer gap appears because of the distance between customers’ expectation and perception.Customers have their own expectations based on their experience and objectives. In this case, the Canadian customer who came to Australia for relax do not have the experience of fly fishing. They consider the service could offer them a wonderful time. However, the insufficient experience of fishing made them catch few trout. Adding the bad weather and the injury, the Canadian dissatisfied with the trip and request a reduced charge. This gap is relatively huge and John needs to improve his service. Provider Gap Firstly, John serves his customer by the same way.For the fishing skillful couple and unskillful people, John took the same measure. Secondly, John not communicated well with its customers. The customers who chose his service in the first week of December were transferred to another service provider. The problems presented above are the major reason why John’s business went down. In conclusion, because of the special features of service, there are several problems should be considered and solved. Marketers of services face some actual and distinctive challenges which should be solved by the utilization of marketing mix.Question 3: Explain how John could use the extended marketing mix elements to help manage the problems caused by the special characteristics of services. The question 2 mentioned some problems caused by the special characteristics of service. Marketers like John could use the marketing mix to manage those problems and plan a whole strategy of their business. The traditional marketing mix will help John to manage the problem from production, place, promotion, and price (Kotler & Armstrong, 2006). Because of intangibility characteristic and the limitations of John’s service, he can add both tangible products and services in his business.For example, he could be the agent between his customers and fishing departments. Then, customers can purchase fishing equipments which are fit to them, because John known them clearly. Moreover, due to intangible and perishability of service, John’s promotion ways are not enough. John can exploit more methods like put some advertising in the relevant websites, sponsor fishing competitions and some things like that. However, because of the distinct features of service, the traditional marketing mix can not cover all problems. It extended three more elements which are people, physical evidence, and process (Booms & Bitner, 1981) . 1 People People element is defined as all human actors who play a part in service delivery and thus influence the buyer’s perceptions in the service environment. Thus, customers, employees, and the customers in the service environment all play the important roles (Bitner et al. , 2009). With use this element, John can do following things to manage those problems. First, because John just has himself as an employee, he lost some opportunities. Then, John need employ more employees to help him supporting his business. After that, because guiding service is a high skill service, John should train his employees.John also can bring a reward system based on the satisfaction of employees to avoid the problems of service quality. Another role, customers, also draws marketers’ attention. Marketers should education their customers before provide service. Because guiding service need customers’ deeper involvement, John could send a video of basic knowledge and potential risk of his services to his customers. Then, they can interact better. 3. 2 Physical evidence Physical evidence is the cue that customers depend on to assess the quality of service and service providers to put forth their significant information (Lovelock, 2004).As John’s guiding service, it already had some physical evidence. However, there are still some limitations as mentioned before. Firstly, John needs to increase all kinds of materials that reflect his guided trip. Thus, customers will maximally understand his service. For example, John should enrich his website. He could upload some videos about guided fishing trips. Potential customers can be divided into two se ctions as experienced customer and inexperienced customer. For those experienced customers, the information should be about new fishing areas or new activities.For the inexperienced customers, it should provide skills or equipment for fishing. Secondly, it is suggested that John needs to have his own transporting vehicles to send customers. One side is to avoid the situation of lacking hiring sources, the other side is to fit different customers’ need. For instance, if the customers who require a short trip then John could provide them cars to go fishing. Sometimes, customers have their vocation that they get plenty of time sailing is a perfect option. Furthermore, for these long distance customers and money is not a problem for them aeroplane is chosen to send them to the best fishing area.In this way, the customer gap could be narrowed since their needs are fulfilled. Lastly, John could provide some souvenir after trips. Thus, customers may actually realize what they have o btained from the service. 3. 3 Process Process is the actual procedures, mechanisms, and flow of activities by which the service is delivered (Zeithaml, Bitner & Gremler, 2009). John could use blueprint to depict the service process. By using the blueprint, John may find out the customer segmentation. For example, John may categorize consumers as experienced ones and inexperienced ones.Then John could offer two different processes for each group. For the experienced ones, John could present a more customized process which customers could choose their favorite rod and apply their own ways of fishing. As for the immature consumers, John should provide them a standardized process. It may offer the same rod for customers and consumers have to stay in a specified area. John also needs to educate his customers especially the inexperienced customers. He could hire a fishing coach to instruct anglers the procedure of fishing. Through this way, unskillful clients will not fish blindly. 3. 4 ConclusionService as intangible products distinguishes from physical goods. Besides the traditional four Ps, the three Ps are mainly used to enhance service. John’s guiding service may become prosperous if he makes use of the three Ps. Word Count: 2496 Reference List 1. Boom, B. , & Bitner, M. , 1981, â€Å"Marketing Strategies and Organizational Structures for Service Firms†, Marketing of Services, 1981 2. Carmen, M. , & Langeard, E. , 1980, â€Å"Growth Strategies of Service Firms†, Strategic Management Journal, January-March, 1980 3. Clemes, M. , 2002, New Zealand Case Studies in Strategic Marketing, 5th edition, Dunmore Press, New Zealand . Kotler, P. & Armstrong, G. , 2006, Principles of Marketing, 12nd edition, Pearson Education Inc. , New Jersey 5. Lovelock, C. , & Wirtz, J. , 2004, Services Marketing: People, Technology, Strategy, 5th edition, Pearson Education, Singapore 6. Zeithaml, V. , Bitner, M. , & Gremler, D. , 2009, Service Marketing, 5th edition , McGraw Hill, Singapore 7. Zeithaml, V. , Parasuraman, A. , & Berry, L. , 1985, â€Å"Problems and Strategies in Services Marketing†, The Journal of Marketing, Spring, 1985 8. http://www. docstoc. com/docs/16690264/GOODS-AND-SERVICES/, Accessed at 20th, Apr, 2009

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